Parenthetical Documentation Chart

The table below gives examples of the most common in-text citations. The complete list of "References" cited in this table appears in the References section.

Type of source you are quoting or paraphrasing ↓	Author is mentioned in the text of the paper		Author is not mentioned in the text of the paper
Type of source you are quoting or paraphrasing ↓	First mention of the source in the paper	All subsequent mentions in the paper	First mention of source in the paper	All subsequent mentions in the paper
A work by one author Publication Manual 6.12	Beer (2002) argued that "..." (p. 1020).	Beer (2002) concluded that ... (p. 1022).	"The evidence revealed that ..." (Beer, 2002, p. 1020).	People are less likely to lie when ... (Beer, 2002, p. 1022).
A work by two authors Publication Manual 6.12	Walker and Allen (2004) argued that "..." (p. 27).	Walker and Allen (2004) concluded that ... (p. 28).	... (Walker & Allen, 2004, p. 27).	... (Walker & Allen, 2004, p. 28).
A work by three to five authors Publication Manual 6.12	Diessner, Solom, Frost, Parsons, and Davidson (2008) argued that ... (p. 314).	Diessner et al. (2008) concluded that ... (p. 320 ).	... (Diessner, Solom, Frost, Parsons, & Davidson, 2008, p. 314).	... (Diessner et al., 2008, p. 320).
A work by 6 or more authors Publication Manual 6.12	Mulvaney et al. (2008) argued that "..." (p. 120).	Mulvaney et al. (2008) concluded that ... (p. 124).	... (Mulvaney et al., 2008, p. 120).	... (Mulvaney et al., 2008, p. 124).
A work by a group or agency (with a readily identified abbreviation) Publication Manual 6.13	National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2009)... (p. 7).	NIMH (2009)... (p. 11).	... (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2009, p. 7).	... (NIMH, 2009, p. 11).
A work by a group or agency (no abbreviation) Publication Manual 6.13	University of Pittsburgh (2003)...	University of Pittsburgh (2003)...	... (University of Pittsburgh, 2003).	... (University of Pittsburgh, 2003).
A work with no author Publication Manual 6.15	Not applicable		Parents living in the Northeast are less likely to spank their children ("Reasoning...", 2010).	"Parents of preschool children are more likely to spank than parents of older children" ("Reasoning...", 2010).
A personal communication (email, in-person or phone interview, etc.) Publication Manual 6.20 Cite in text only; do not include in "References"list.	T.K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) stated that ...	T.K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) stated that ...	"I never saw their faces" (T.K. Lutes, personal communication, April 18, 2001).	"I had my headphones on" (T.K. Lutes, personal communication, April 18, 2001).
An indirect or secondary source is quoted or paraphrased (i.e., a quoted quote) Publication Manual 6.17	APA recommends against quoted quotes. If unavoidable, cite as in the following example: Former surgeon general Dr. David Satcher stated that young people are "dooming themselves to the difficult task of overcoming a tough illness" (as cited in Crister, 2004, p. 4).		Not applicable
A work with no page numbers Publication Manual 6.05 Use paragraph numbers (if visible) or section headings and count paragraph numbers in that section. If neither option is available, include only author's last name and year of publication.	Basu and Jones (2007) suggest the need for "regulation in cyberspace" (para. 4). Wright (2008) concluded that directed marketing increases revenues (Conclusion section, para. 1). Bohrer (2010) argues that "as a political journalist, Wallace was ahead of his time."		There is a need for "regulation in cyberspace" (Basu & Jones, 2007, para. 4). Focused marketing to specific consumer segments increases revenue (Wright, 2008, Conclusion section, para. 1). David Foster Wallace was ahead of his time as a political journalist (Bohrer, 2010)
A work with no publication date Publication Manual 6.28	The group, People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA, n.d.) argues that "..."	PETA (n.d.) believes that "vegetarians are..."	"Vegetarians are 50% less likely to develop heart disease" (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals [PETA], n.d.).	Children who eat vegetarian diets grow taller than meat eating children (PETA, n.d.)
A republished classic or old work Publication Manual 6.18, 7.02.21 When available, include the original publication date.	Laplace (1814/1951) held the determinist view that . . . (p. 4)	Laplace (1814/1951) explained that . . . (p. 8)	"We may regard the present state of the universe as the effect of its past and the cause of its future" (Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 4).	"The probability of events serves to determine the hope or the fear of persons interested in their existence" (Laplace, 1814/1951, p. 20).
Classic religious work Publication Manual 6.18 Cite in text only; do not include in "References" list.	Not applicable		In 1 Cor. 13:1 (Revised Standard Version), it is stated that "..." or Islamic teaching explains that "..." (Qur'an 5:3-4).	1 Cor. 13:2 (Qur'an 5:3-4)